It has by no means been simple for Mary Cole to assist herself and the 19-year-old grandson who lives along with her in Bristol, Va., on her month-to-month $914 Supplemental Safety Earnings verify.

However it’s getting tougher. “I’ve been struggling lots,” Ms. Cole mentioned.

As a result of advantages counselors at her native company on getting old have helped her apply for a number of sorts of public help, she pays solely $158 in hire for her residence in a sponsored Part 8 constructing.

A federal program helps Ms. Cole, 69, with heating prices. The state underwrites her Medicare premiums, and a Medicare financial savings program permits her to fill prescriptions for coronary heart illness, hypertension, pulmonary illness and diabetes.

However advantages that elevated within the early years of the coronavirus pandemic have been rolled again for the reason that federal authorities ended the general public well being emergency this 12 months. Ms. Cole’s heating help dropped from $900 in 2021 to $600 final 12 months.

Her advantages by means of SNAP — the Supplemental Vitamin Help Program, or meals stamps — had risen to $351 a month; they’ve since dropped to $140 a month. “That’s not going to feed us each,” she mentioned. She has lengthy since spent the federal stimulus checks mailed out in 2020 and 2021.

By the final week of the month, she usually runs out of cash and considers visiting a close-by meals pantry. “I don’t like to try this,” Ms. Cole mentioned. “I determine I’m taking one thing away from different individuals.”

Poverty amongst older Individuals jumped sharply in 2022, the Census Bureau lately introduced. Utilizing the supplemental poverty measure, which economists have discovered is a extra correct reflection of revenue and spending than the official poverty charge, the proportion of individuals over age 65 residing in poverty climbed from a contemporary low of 9.5 p.c in 2020 to 10.7 p.c in 2021.

Final 12 months, the determine reached 14.1 p.c, representing greater than eight million older Individuals.

“It’s fairly alarming,” mentioned Ramsey Alwin, president and chief govt of the Nationwide Council on Growing old. “It’s actually unacceptable.” Poverty amongst youngsters additionally rose steeply, and median family revenue declined.

In southwestern Virginia, the place the District Three Governmental Cooperative offers senior companies and has helped greater than 3,000 low-income residents like Ms. Cole apply for advantages this fiscal 12 months, 20 p.c of older residents dwell in poverty.

“We see it going up,” mentioned Debbie Spencer, director of getting old and incapacity companies on the cooperative. She described purchasers “attempting to resolve in the event that they’re going to eat or purchase gasoline or purchase their medicines.”

How poor is poor? The supplemental measure outlined poverty final 12 months as an annual revenue under $15,998 for single grownup renters ($22,624 for a two-adult family), with regional variations; the brink was considerably decrease for owners, no matter whether or not they had mortgages.

Black, Hispanic and Indigenous older Individuals have larger poverty charges; so do ladies and people who aren’t married.

The Elder Index, devised by gerontologists on the College of Massachusetts Boston, additionally calculates how a lot cash older adults want to satisfy their fundamental wants. In metropolitan Chicago, for instance, a single renter over age 65 in good well being required $2,481 per thirty days final 12 months for housing, well being care, meals, transportation and different bills, in line with the calculator.

The identical renter in Bristol, Va. — Ms. Cole’s hometown — wanted $1,794. Nationally, the common Social Safety retirement profit final 12 months got here to $1,792 month-to-month.

“Poverty charges fell within the early years of the pandemic due to the stimulus funds many older adults acquired,” together with raises in different advantages, mentioned Richard Johnson, an economist on the City Institute.

As these funds and profit will increase ended, inflation took off, eroding shopping for energy earlier than it started declining.

“Social Safety has cost-of-living will increase, however they arrive with a lag,” Dr. Johnson mentioned. Month-to-month inflation peaked in June 2022, however the cost-of-living adjustment for Social Safety advantages, a hefty 8.7 p.c improve, didn’t issue into beneficiaries’ checks till January.

“A whole lot of seniors dwell near the road, so it doesn’t take a lot to tip them over” into poverty, mentioned Teresa Ghilarducci, an economist on the New College for Social Analysis. Her research additionally present the pandemic’s impact on older employees’ employment; so many retired early or have been pushed out that about one million fewer older adults at the moment are within the work pressure.

Even when senior poverty charges have been to stabilize or decline subsequent 12 months, eased by the upper advantages some states present, the figures typically stay stubbornly excessive in comparison with these in different industrialized nations with stronger public security nets.

The proportion of older Individuals residing under the official poverty stage fell drastically by means of the Sixties and Seventies, largely due to expansions and will increase in Social Safety. However there has since been a plateau.

“It’s not absolutely appreciated how persistent senior poverty has been,” Dr. Johnson mentioned. “The decline actually slowed within the Nineteen Nineties and hasn’t improved considerably since.”

Economists and advocates have prompt options: elevating the minimal Social Safety profit; growing Social Safety funds after individuals attain age 85, when well being care prices sometimes improve; and bettering S.S.I. advantages for older adults and other people with disabilities who lack the work historical past to qualify for Social Safety. These steps would require congressional motion.

For now, although, enrolling extra older individuals in present applications might have actual impression. Federal advantages go a good distance towards decreasing poverty. Social Safety alone lifted 20 million individuals over age 65 above the poverty stage final 12 months, in line with census knowledge. SNAP, housing subsidies and S.S.I. prevented one other 1.6 million seniors from sinking into poverty.

However solely about half of the older individuals eligible for meals stamps have enrolled, that means 5 million are lacking out, Ms. Alwin mentioned. Contemplating all public applications, “about $30 billion is left on the desk yearly that would assist with meals and medication and different fundamental wants,” she mentioned. “It’s eye-popping.”

Although most older individuals acknowledge that they qualify for Social Safety, they’re usually much less conscious of vitality and housing help, Medicaid and Medicare applications for low-income beneficiaries, state property tax rebates or meals stamps. “They could assume they’re not for them however for another person who’s extra in want,” Ms. Alwin mentioned.

Furthermore, making use of for these applications may be difficult and time-consuming; some require digital entry and abilities. Some candidates simply hand over.

“We err on the aspect of constructing certain that not one particular person will get advantages they’re not entitled to, and we sacrifice lots of people who’re eligible,” Dr. Ghilarducci mentioned.

The Nationwide Council on Growing old’s on-line Advantages Checkup device reveals which private and non-private applications seniors qualify for; the council additionally operates a toll-free assist line (1-800-794-6559) staffed by advantages specialists. With federal and basis funding, it helps 84 profit enrollment facilities by means of native getting old and household service companies, senior facilities and United Manner applications.

Although such advantages counselors helped Ms. Cole obtain help with housing, heating and meals, she nonetheless doesn’t really feel safe, and he or she depends on one other supply of assist.

“God will handle me,” she mentioned. “I’ve religion that he’ll handle my wants.”